春 節 (Traditional Chinese)
春 节 (Simplified Chinese)
Chūnjié (Pin Yin)
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春節，是農曆正月初一，又叫陰曆年，俗稱“過年”。這是我國民間最隆重、最熱鬧的一個傳統節日。春節的歷史很悠久，它起源於殷商時期年頭歲尾的祭神祭祖活動。按照我國農曆，正月初一古稱元日、元辰、元正、元朔、元旦等，俗稱年初一，到了民國時期，改用公曆，公曆的一月一日稱為元旦，把農曆的一月一日叫春節。
春节，是农历正月初一，又叫阴历年，俗称“过年”。这是我国民间最隆重、最热闹的一个传统节日。春节的历史很悠久，它起源于殷商时期年头岁尾的祭神祭祖活动。按照我国农历，正月初一古称元日、元辰、元正、元朔、元旦等，俗称年初一，到了民国时期，改用公历，公历的一月一日称为元旦，把农历的一月一日叫春节。
Chūnjié, shì nónglì zhēngyuè chūyī, yòu jiào yīnlì nián, súchēng “guònián”. Zhè shì wǒguó mínjiān zuì lóngzhòng, zuì rènào de yīgè chuántǒng jiérì. Chūnjié de lìshǐ hěn yōujiǔ, tā qǐyuán yú yīn shāng shíqí niántóu suì wěi de jìshén jì zǔ huódòng. Ànzhào wǒguó nónglì, zhēngyuè chūyī gǔ chēng yuán rì, yuán chén, yuán zhèng, yuán shuò, yuándàn děng, súchēng niánchū yī, dàole mínguó shíqí, gǎi yòng gōnglì, gōnglì de yī yuè yī rì chēng wèi yuándàn, bǎ nónglì de yī yuè yī Rì jiào chūnjié.
春節到了，意味著春天將要來臨，萬象復甦草木更新，新一輪播種和收穫季節又要開始。人們剛剛度過冰天雪地草木凋零的漫漫寒冬，早就盼望著春暖花開的日子，當新春到來之際，自然要充滿喜悅載歌載舞地迎接這個節日。千百年來，人們使年俗慶祝活動變得異常豐富多彩，每年從農曆臘月二十三日起到年三十，民間把這段時間叫做“迎春日”，也叫“掃塵日”，在春節前掃塵搞衛生，是我國人民素有的傳統習慣。
春节到了，意味着春天将要来临，万象复苏草木更新，新一轮播种和收获季节又要开始。人们刚刚度过冰天雪地草木凋零的漫漫寒冬，早就盼望着春暖花开的日子，当新春到来之际，自然要充满喜悦载歌载舞地迎接这个节日。 千百年来，人们使年俗庆祝活动变得异常丰富多彩，每年从农历腊月二十三日起到年三十，民间把这段时间叫做“迎春日”，也叫“扫尘日”，在春节前扫尘搞卫生，是我国人民素有的传统习惯。
Chūnjié dàole, yìwèi zhe chūntiān jiāngyào láilín, wànxiàng fùsū cǎomù gēngxīn, xīn yīlún bōzhòng hé shōuhuò jìjié yòu yào kāishǐ. Rénmen gānggāng dù guò bīngtiānxuědì cǎomù diāolíng de mànmàn hándōng, zǎo jiù pànwàng zhe chūnnuǎn huā kāi de rìzi, dāng xīnchūn dàolái zhī jì, zìrán yào chōngmǎn xǐyuè zàigēzàiwǔ dì yíngjiē zhège jiérì. Qiān bǎinián lái, rénmen shǐ nián sú qìngzhù huódòng biàn de yìcháng fēngfù duōcǎi, měinián cóng nónglì làyuè èr shí sān rì qǐ dào nián sān shí, mínjiān bǎ zhè duàn shíjiān jiàozuò “yíngchūn rì”, yě jiào “sǎo chén rì”, zài Chūnjié qián sǎo chén gǎo wèishēng, shì wǒguó rénmín sù yǒu de chuántǒng xíguàn.
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然後就是家家戶戶準備年貨，節前十天左右，人們就開始忙於採購物品，年貨包括雞鴨魚肉、茶酒油醬、南北炒貨、糖餌果品，都要採買充足，還要準備一些過年時走親訪友時贈送的禮品，小孩子要添置新衣新帽，準備過年時穿。
然后就是家家户户准备年货，节前十天左右，人们就开始忙于采购物品，年货包括鸡鸭鱼肉、茶酒油酱、南北炒货、糖饵果品，都要采买充足，还要准备一些过年时走亲访友时赠送的礼品，小孩子要添置新衣新帽，准备过年时穿。
Ránhòu jiùshì jiājiāhùhù zhǔnbèi niánhuò, jié qián shí tiān zuǒyòu, rénmen jiù kāishǐ mángyú cǎigòu wùpǐn, niánhuò bāokuò jī yā yúròu, chá jiǔ yóu jiàng, nánběi chǎohuò, táng ěr guǒpǐn, dōu yào cǎimǎi chōngzú, hái yào zhǔnbèi yīxiē guònián shí zǒu qīn Fǎngyou shí zèngsòng de lǐpǐn, xiǎo háizi yào tiānzhì xīn yī xīn mào, zhǔnbèi guònián shí chuān.
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在節前要在住宅的大門上粘貼紅紙黃字的新年寄語，也就是用紅紙寫成的春聯。屋裡張貼色彩鮮豔寓意吉祥的年畫，心靈手巧的姑娘們剪出美麗的窗花貼在窗戶上，門前掛大紅燈籠或貼福字及財神、門神像等，福字還可以倒貼，路人一念福倒了，也就是福氣到了，所有這些活動都是要為節日增添足夠的喜慶氣氛。
在节前要在住宅的大门上粘贴红纸黄字的新年寄语，也就是用红纸写成的春联。屋里张贴色彩鲜艳寓意吉祥的年画，心灵手巧的姑娘们剪出美丽的窗花贴在窗户上，门前挂大红灯笼或贴福字及财神、门神像等，福字还可以倒贴，路人一念福倒了，也就是福气到了，所有这些活动都是要为节日增添足够的喜庆气氛。
Zài jié qián yào zài zhùzhái de dàmén shàng zhāntiē hóngzhǐ huáng zì de xīnnián jìyǔ, yě jiùshì yòng hóngzhǐ xiě chéng de chūnlián. Wū li zhāngtiē sècǎi xiānyàn yùyì jíxiáng de nián huà, xīnlíng shǒuqiǎo de gū niáng men jiǎn chū měilì de chuānghuā tiē zài chuānghù shàng, ménqián guà dàhóng dēnglóng huò tiē fú zì jí cáishén, mén shénxiàng děng, fú zì hái kěyǐ dàotiē, lùrén yīniàn fú Dàole, yě jiùshì fúqi dào le, suǒyǒu zhèxiē huódòng dōu shì yào wèi jiérì zēngtiān zúgòu de xǐqìng qìfēn.
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春節的另一名稱叫過年。在過去的傳說中，年是一種為人們帶來壞運氣的想像中的動物。年一來。樹木凋蔽，百草不生；年一過，萬物生長，鮮花遍地。年如何才能過去呢？需用鞭炮轟，於是有了燃鞭炮的習俗，這其實也是烘托熱鬧場面的又一種方式。
春节的另一名称叫过年。在过去的传说中，年是一种为人们带来坏运气的想象中的动物。年一来。树木凋蔽，百草不生；年一过，万物生长，鲜花遍地。年如何才能过去呢？需用鞭炮轰 ，于是有了燃鞭炮的习俗，这其实也是烘托热闹场面的又一种方式。
Chūnjié de lìng yī míngchēng jiào guònián. Zài guòqù de chuánshuō zhōng, nián shì yīzhǒng wéi rénmen dài lái huài yùnqì de xiǎngxiàng zhōng de dòngwù. Nián yī lái. Shùmù diāo bì, bǎicǎo bù shēng; nián yī guò, wànwù shēngzhǎng, xiānhuā biàndì. Nián rúhé cáinéng guòqù ne? Xū yòng biānpào hōng, yúshì yǒu le rán biānpào de xísú, zhè qíshí yěshì hōngtuō rènào chǎngmiàn de yòu yīzhǒng fāngshì.
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春節是個歡樂祥和的節日，也是親人團聚的日子，離家在外的孩子在過春節時都要回家歡聚。過年的前一夜，就是舊年的臘月三十夜，也叫除夕，又叫團圓夜，在這新舊交替的時候，守歲是最重要的年俗活動之一，除夕晚上，全家老小都一起熬年守歲，歡聚酣飲，共享天倫之樂，北方地區在除夕有吃餃子的習俗，餃子的作法是先和麵，和字就是合；餃子的餃和交諧音，合和交有相聚之意，又取更歲交子之意。在南方有過年吃年糕的習慣，甜甜的粘粘的年糕，象徵新一年生活甜蜜蜜，步步高。待第一聲雞啼響起，或是新年的鐘聲敲過，街上鞭炮齊鳴，響聲此起彼伏，家家喜氣洋洋，新的一年開始了，男女老少都穿著節日盛裝，先給家族中的長者拜年祝壽，節中還有給兒童壓歲錢，吃團年飯，初二、三就開始走親戚看朋友，相互拜年，道賀祝福，說些恭賀新喜、恭喜發財、恭喜、過年好等話，祭祖等活動。
春节是个欢乐祥和的节日，也是亲人团聚的日子，离家在外的孩子在过春节时都要回家欢聚。过年的前一夜，就是旧年的腊月三十夜，也叫除夕，又叫团圆夜，在这新旧交替的时候，守岁是最重要的年俗活动之一，除夕晚上，全家老小都一起熬年守岁，欢聚酣饮，共享天伦之乐，北方地区在除夕有吃饺子的习俗，饺子的作法是先和面，和字就是合；饺子的饺和交谐音，合和交有相聚之意，又取更岁交子之意。在南方有过年吃年糕的习惯，甜甜的粘粘的年糕，象征新一年生活甜蜜蜜，步步高。 待第一声鸡啼响起，或是新年的钟声敲过，街上鞭炮齐鸣，响声此起彼伏，家家喜气洋洋，新的一年开始了，男女老少都穿着节日盛装，先给家族中的长者拜年祝寿，节中还有给儿童压岁钱，吃团年饭，初二、三就开始走亲戚看朋友，相互拜年，道贺祝福，说些恭贺新喜、恭喜发财、恭喜、过年好等话，祭祖等活动。
Chūnjié shìgè huānlè xiánghé de jiérì, yěshì qīnrén tuánjù de rìzi, lí jiā zàiwài de háizi zài guò chūnjié shí dōu yào huí jiā huānjù. Guònián de qián yīyè, jiùshì jiù nián de làyuè sān shí yè, yě jiào chúxì, yòu jiào tuányuán yè, zài zhè xīn jiù jiāotì de shíhou, shǒusuì shì zuì zhòngyào de nián sú huódòng zhī yī, chúxì wǎnshàng, quán jiā lǎo xiǎo dōu yīqǐ Áo nián shǒusuì, huānjù hānyǐn, gòngxiǎng tiānlún zhī lè, běifāng dìqū zài chúxì yǒu chī jiǎozi de xísú, jiǎozi de zuòfǎ shì xiān huò miàn, hé zì jiùshì hé; jiǎozi de jiǎo hé jiāo xiéyīn, hé hé jiāo yǒu xiāngjù zhī yì, Yòu qǔ gèng suì jiāo zǐ zhī yì. Zài nánfāng yǒu guònián chī niángāo de xíguàn, tián tián de zhān zhān de niángāo, xiàngzhēng xīn yī nián shēnghuó tiánmì mì, bù bù gāo. Dài dì yī shēng jī tí xiǎng qǐ, huò shì xīnnián de zhōng shēng qiāo guò, jiē shàng biānpào qí míng, xiǎngshēng cǐqǐbǐfú, jiā jiā xǐqìyángyáng, xīn de yī nián kāishǐ le, nánnǚ lǎoshào dōu chuānzhuó jiérì shèngzhuāng, xiān gěi jiāzú zhōng de cháng Zhě bàinián zhùshòu, jié zhōng hái yǒugěi értóng yāsuìqián, chī tuán niánfàn, chū èr, sān jiù kāishǐ zǒu qīnqi kàn péngyǒu, xiānghù bàinián, dàohè zhùfú, shuō xiē gōnghè xīn xǐ, gōngxǐ fācái, gōngxǐ, guònián hǎo děng huà, jì Zǔ děng huódòng.
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節日的熱烈氣氛不僅洋溢在各家各戶，也充滿各地的大街小巷，一些地方的街市上還有舞獅子，耍龍燈，演社火，遊花市，逛廟會等習俗。這期間花燈滿城，遊人滿街，熱鬧非凡，盛況空前，直要鬧到正月十五元宵節過後，春節才算真正結束了。
节日的热烈气氛不仅洋溢在各家各户，也充满各地的大街小巷，一些地方的街市上还有舞狮子，耍龙灯，演社火，游花市，逛庙会等习俗。这期间花灯满城，游人满街，热闹非凡，盛况空前，直要闹到正月十五元宵节过后，春节才算真正结束了。
Jiérì de rèliè qìfēn bùjǐn yángyì zài gè jiā gè hù, yě chōngmǎn gèdì de dàjiē xiǎo xiàng, yīxiē dìfāng de jiēshì shàng hái yǒu wǔ shīzi, shuǎ lóngdēng, yǎn shè huǒ, yóuhuā shì, guàng miàohuì děng xísú. Zhè qíjiān huādēng mǎn chéng, yóurén mǎn jiē, rènào fēifán, shèngkuàng kōngqián, zhí yào nào dào zhēngyuè shí wǔ yuánxiāo jié guòhòu, chūnjié cái suàn zhēnzhèng jiéshù le.
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春節是漢族最重要的節日，但是滿、蒙古，瑤、壯、白、高山、赫哲、哈尼、達斡爾、侗、黎等十幾個少數民族也有過春節的習俗，只是過節的形式更有自己的民族特色，更蘊味無窮。
春节是汉族最重要的节日，但是满、蒙古，瑶、壮、白、高山、赫哲、哈尼、达斡尔、侗、黎等十几个少数民族也有过春节的习俗，只是过节的形式更有自己的民族特色，更蕴味无穷。
Chūnjié shì hànzú zuì zhòngyào de jiérì, dànshì mǎn, ménggǔ, yáo, zhuàng, bái, gāoshān, hèzhé, hāní, dáwòěr, tóng, lí děng shí jǐ gè shǎoshù mínzú yěyǒu guò chūnjié de xísú, zhǐshì guòjié de xíngshì gèng yǒu zìjǐ de Mínzú tèsè, gèng yùn wèi wúqióng.
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Spring Festival
The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back, becoming the busiest time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival. Airports, railway stations and long-distance bus stations are crowded with home returnees.
The Spring Festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month, often one month later than the Gregorian calendar. It originated in the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC-c. 1100 BC) from the people's sacrifice to gods and ancestors at the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one.
Strictly speaking, the Spring Festival starts every year in the early days of the 12th lunar month and will last till the mid 1st lunar month of the next year. Of them, the most important days are Spring Festival Eve and the first three days. The Chinese government now stipulates people have seven days off for the Chinese Lunar New Year.
Many customs accompany the Spring Festival. Some are still followed today, but others have weakened.
On the 8th day of the 12th lunar month, many families make laba porridge, a delicious kind of porridge made with glutinous rice, millet, seeds of Job's tears, jujube berries, lotus seeds, beans, longan and gingko.
The 23rd day of the 12th lunar month is called Preliminary Eve. At this time, people offer sacrifice to the kitchen god. Now however, most families make delicious food to enjoy themselves.
After the Preliminary Eve, people begin preparing for the coming New Year. This is called "Seeing the New Year in".
Store owners are busy then as everybody goes out to purchase necessities for the New Year. Materials not only include edible oil, rice, flour, chicken, duck, fish and meat, but also fruit, candies and kinds of nuts. What's more, various decorations, new clothes and shoes for the children as well as gifts for the elderly, friends and relatives, are all on the list of purchasing.
Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils.
Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners' wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance.
The Chinese character "fu" (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu comes", both being pronounced as "fudaole." What's more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall.
People attach great importance to Spring Festival Eve. At that time, all family members eat dinner together. The meal is more luxurious than usual. Dishes such as chicken, fish and bean curd cannot be excluded, for in Chinese, their pronunciations, respectively "ji", "yu" and "doufu," mean auspiciousness, abundance and richness. After the dinner, the whole family will sit together, chatting and watching TV. In recent years, the Spring Festival party broadcast on China Central Television Station (CCTV) is essential entertainment for the Chinese both at home and abroad. According to custom, each family will stay up to see the New Year in.
Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think "jiaozi" in sound means "bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new". Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.
Southern Chinese eat niangao (New Year cake made of glutinous rice flour) on this occasion, because as a homophone, niangao means "higher and higher, one year after another." The first five days after the Spring Festival are a good time for relatives, friends, and classmates as well as colleagues to exchange greetings, gifts and chat leisurely.
Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People thought the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits. However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, some buy tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break little balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room.
The lively atmosphere not only fills every household, but permeates to streets and lanes. A series of activities such as lion dancing, dragon lantern dancing, lantern festivals and temple fairs will be held for days. The Spring Festival then comes to an end when the Lantern Festival is finished.
China has 56 ethnic groups. Minorities celebrate their Spring Festival almost the same day as the Han people, and they have different customs.
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